Indicadores de innovación sobre la producción de biohidrógeno por fermentación oscura mediante análisis de patentes
Palabras clave:
Bio-H2, Fermentación oscura, Bio-reacto, Análisis de patentes.Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Introducción: Ante la urgencia de transformar el sistema energético global para alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono, la producción de hidrógeno (H₂) mediada por microorganismos se consolida como una tecnología clave hacia una sociedad baja en carbono. En particular, la fermentación oscura (FO) destaca por su bajo requerimiento energético y su capacidad de utilizar diversos sustratos orgánicos.
Objetivos: Presentar una revisión crítica de la evolución tecnológica de la fermentación oscura mediante el análisis de patentes y publicaciones científicas registradas entre 2002 y 2022.
Metodología: Se analizaron 106 patentes y 469 publicaciones científicas, evaluando palabras clave, tendencias temporales, liderazgo por países, clasificación tecnológica, nivel de citación y comportamiento tecnológico mediante curvas en S.
Resultados: Las palabras clave más frecuentes fueron “fermentación”, “fermentación oscura” y “producción de H₂”, evidenciándose una transición hacia términos como “metabolitos”, “residuos alimentarios” y “celdas de combustible biológicas”, lo que sugiere un desplazamiento hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas y sistemas bio-electroquímicos. Desde 2006 se observa una creciente disparidad entre publicaciones y patentes, reflejando una brecha entre investigación e innovación. Estados Unidos y China lideran en patentes vencidas, indicando desarrollo temprano pero ralentización comercial. El código C12P3/00 y el dominio “Biotecnología” concentran la mayoría de las invenciones. El bajo nivel de citación de patentes evidencia desafíos de accesibilidad y predominancia del conocimiento teórico. Las curvas en S revelan estancamiento tecnológico asociado a barreras de eficiencia y escalabilidad.
Conclusiones: Aunque la FO posee alto potencial como ruta sostenible para producir H₂, su implementación industrial y competitividad requieren superar limitaciones técnicas y fortalecer la transferencia efectiva hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas maduras.
1. Nunez C. National Geographic [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Qué son los combustibles fósiles. Available from: https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/medio-ambiente/2023/12/que-son-los-combustibles-fosiles
2. Raturi S, Singh P, Jha SK, Karn SK. Biohydrogen: Opportunities and challenges as an alternative energy resource. J Appl Nat Sci. 2022 Jun 18;14(2):692-701.
https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3480
3. Sarangi PK, Nanda S. Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation. Chem Eng Technol. 2020 Apr;43(4):601-12.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900452
4. Mohtasham J. Review Article-Renewable Energies. Energy Procedia. 2015 Aug;74:1289-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.774
5. Neha, Joon R. Renewable Energy Sources: A Review. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021 Aug 1;1979(1):012023.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012023
6. Mishra P, Krishnan S, Rana S, Singh L, Sakinah M, Ab Wahid Z. Outlook of fermentative hydrogen production techniques: An overview of dark, photo and integrated dark-photo fermentative approach to biomass. Energy Strategy Rev. 2019 Apr;24:27-37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.001
7. Hossain Bhuiyan MM, Siddique Z. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review of challenges and opportunities in production, storage, and transportation. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2025 Feb;102:1026-44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.033
8. Osman AI, Deka TJ, Baruah DC, Rooney DW. Critical challenges in biohydrogen production processes from the organic feedstocks. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2023 Jul;13(10):8383-401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00965-x
9. D’ Silva TC, Khan SA, Kumar S, Kumar D, Isha A, Deb S, et al. Biohydrogen production through dark fermentation from waste biomass: Current status and future perspectives on biorefinery development. Fuel. 2023 Oct;350:128842.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128842
10. Zhang Q, Jiao Y, He C, Ruan R, Hu J, Ren J, et al. Biological fermentation pilot-scale systems and evaluation for commercial viability towards sustainable biohydrogen production. Nat Commun. 2024 May 28;15(1):4539.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48790-4
11. Fuentes-Casullo L. Producción de hidrógeno por fermentación oscura y producción de electricidad a partir de suero de queso y otros subproductos industriales [PhD] [Internet]. Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias.; 2020 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/27666
12. Xiaohu D, Xiaona A, Ying X. Method for stepwise recycling kitchen waste biomass energy based on component metabolism rate [Internet]. CN115572741A, 2023. Available from: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/084585155/publication/CN115572741A?q=pn%3DCN115572741A%3F
13. Zhisheng Y, Hao W, Bobo W, Hongxun Z, Jie Y. Weak current enhanced hydrogen production process with agricultural wastes as fermentation substrate [Internet]. CN115074394A, 2022. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN115074394A/en?oq=CN115074394+A
14. Ghimire A, Frunzo L, Pirozzi F, Trably E, Escudie R, Lens PNL, et al. A review on dark fermentative biohydrogen production from organic biomass: Process parameters and use of by-products. Appl Energy. 2015 Apr;144:73-95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.045
15. Fang H, Li C, Zhang T. Acidophilic biohydrogen production from rice slurry. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2006 May;31(6):683-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.07.005
16. Ramprakash B, Lindblad P, Eaton-Rye JJ, Incharoensakdi A. Current strategies and future perspectives in biological hydrogen production: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2022 Oct;168:112773.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112773
17. Questel. questel.com [Internet]. 2026 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Orbit Intelligence: IP Intelligence Software. Available from: https://www.questel.com/patent/ip-intelligence-software/orbit-intelligence/
18. WIPO. wipo.int [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. WIPO Pearl - WIPO’s Multilingual Terminology Portal. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/wipo-pearl/
19. Leiden University. VOSviewer [Internet]. Leiden University; 2024 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://www.vosviewer.com/download
20. Galvez C. Análisis de co-palabras aplicado a los artículos muy citados en Biblioteconomía y Ciencias de la Información (2007-2017). Transinformação [Internet]. 2018;30(3).
https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892018000300001
21. Donthu N, Kumar S, Mukherjee D, Pandey N, Lim WM. How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. J Bus Res. 2021 Sep;133:285-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
22. Angel-Ospina AC, Machuca-Martínez F. Ozonización catalítica en el tratamiento de Contaminantes de Preocupación Emergente en aguas residuales: Un análisis bibliométrico. Ing Compet. 2021 Dec 29;24(1).
https://doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v24i1.11603
23. Ampah JD, Jin C, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Appiah-Otoo I, Afrane S, Geng Z, et al. Investigating the evolutionary trends and key enablers of hydrogen production technologies: A patent-life cycle and econometric analysis. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2023 Dec;48(96):37674-707.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.258
24. PHE. Loglet Lab [Internet]. Rockefeller University; 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://www.logletlab.com/
25. Yoon J, Park Y, Kim M, Lee J, Lee D. Tracing evolving trends in printed electronics using patent information. J Nanoparticle Res. 2014 Jul;16(7):2471.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2471-6
26. Chen YH, Chen CY, Lee SC. Technology forecasting and patent strategy of hydrogen energy and fuel cell technologies. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2011 Jun;36(12):6957-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.063
27. Blanco Londoño SA, Rodríguez Chaparro T. Producción de biohidrógeno a partir de residuos mediante fermentación oscura: una revisión crítica (1993-2011. Ingeniare Rev Chil Ing. 2012 Dec;20(3):398-411.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-33052012000300014
28. Hosseini SE, Abdul Wahid M, Jamil MM, Azli AAM, Misbah MF. A review on biomass-based hydrogen production for renewable energy supply: Biomass-based hydrogen production for renewable energy supply. Int J Energy Res. 2015 Oct 10;39(12):1597-615.
https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3381
29. Sillero L, Sganzerla WG, Forster-Carneiro T, Solera R, Perez M. A bibliometric analysis of the hydrogen production from dark fermentation. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2022 Jul;47(64):27397-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.083
30. Gadhamshetty V, Arudchelvam Y, Nirmalakhandan N, Johnson DC. Modeling dark fermentation for biohydrogen production: ADM1-based model vs. Gompertz model. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2010 Jan;35(2):479-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.007
31. Pradhan N, Dipasquale L, D’Ippolito G, Panico A, Lens P, Esposito G, et al. Hydrogen Production by the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jun 4;16(6):12578-600.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612578
32. Ernst B, Clion V, Dumas C. Dispositif de production d’hydrogène [Internet]. WO2017051136A1, 2017 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017051136A1/fr
33. Li R, Liu X, Ji M, Wu Y, Zhang J. Method for coproducing hydrogen gas and methane by sludge-kitchen waste mixed fermentation [Internet]. CN104372030A, 2015 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104372030A/en
34. Su H, Cheng J, Zhou J, Cen K, Lin H. Method used for producing hydrogen by taking cellulose as raw material [Internet]. CN105713925A, 2016. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105713925A/zh
35. Cox M, Nondorf L, Cox S. Anaerobic production of hydrogen and other chemical products [Internet]. US8501463B2, 2013. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8501463B2/en
36. Fanhe Q, Qingtao Q, Zhiwen Q. A method for producing hydrogen through fermentation using crop straw as raw material [Internet]. CN107012195B, 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN107012195B/zh
37. Poege F, Harhoff D, Gaessler F, Baruffaldi S. Science quality and the value of inventions. Sci Adv. 2019 Dec 6;5(12):eaay7323.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7323
38. REN21. Renewables 2025 Global Status Report Collection - Bioenergy [Internet]. World Bioenergy Association; 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Report No. Available from: https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/technologies/bioenergy/
39. Bilgili M, Tumse S, Nar S. Comprehensive Overview on the Present State and Evolution of Global Warming, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gasses and Renewable Energy. Arab J Sci Eng. 2024 Nov;49(11):14503-31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09390-y
40. IEA. Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 [Internet]. Paris: IEA; 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Report No. Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023
41. Olivo C, Lebedeva I, Chu CY, Lin CY, Wu SY. A patent analysis on advanced biohydrogen technology development and commercialisation: Scope and competitiveness. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2011 Oct;36(21):14103-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.100
42. Słupek E, Kucharska K, Gębicki J. Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis. SN Appl Sci. 2019 May;1(5):469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0488-2
43. Ahmad A, K R, Hasan SW, Show PL, Banat F. Biohydrogen production through dark fermentation: Recent trends and advances in transition to a circular bioeconomy. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2024 Jan;52:335-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.161
44. Jaramillo A, Satta A, Pinto F, Faraloni C, Zittelli GC, Silva Benavides AM, et al. Outlook on Synthetic Biology-Driven Hydrogen Production: Lessons from Algal Photosynthesis Applied to Cyanobacteria. Energy Fuels. 2025 Mar 20;39(11):4987-5006.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c04772
45. Estrada-Arriaga EB, Hernández-Romano J, Mijaylova-Nacheva P, Gutiérrez-Macías T, Morales-Morales C. Assessment of a novel single-stage integrated dark fermentation-microbial fuel cell system coupled to proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to generate bio-hydrogen and recover electricity from wastewater. Biomass Bioenergy. 2021 Apr;147:106016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106016
46. Julkipli J, Babel S, Bilyaminu AM, Rene ER. Hydrogen and biodiesel production from food waste: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2024 Apr;22(2):585-607.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01674-3
47. Akhlaghi N, Najafpour-Darzi G. A comprehensive review on biological hydrogen production. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2020 Sep;45(43):22492-512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.182
48. Arsad SR, Ker PJ, Hannan MA, Tang SGH, R S N, Chau CF, et al. Patent landscape review of hydrogen production methods: Assessing technological updates and innovations. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2024 Jan;50:447-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.085
49. Jishi Z, Wenqian Z, Mengchen Y, Lihua Z. Preparation of Nickel Nanoparticles Doped with Activated Carbon and Their Hydrogen Uptake at Room Temperature [Internet]. CN111137891B, 2021 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111137891B/zh
50. Lihua Z, Haoe M, Lu W, Jinlong Z, Weifang D, Maojuan M. Hydroxyapatite as well as preparation method and application thereof in dark fermentation hydrogen production [Internet]. CN114410695A, 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://eureka.patsnap.com/patent-CN114410695A
51. Lal B, Subudhi S, Ravindra H, Tompala A, Rao P, Choudary N, et al. Process for sequential bio-hydrogen production through integration of dark fermentation process with photo fermentation process [Internet]. IN2013MU03532A, 2015 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/IN2013MU03532A/Scottsdale-AZ-Condo-Rentals.html
52. Myles-Gray V. Bioreactor process for production of hydrogen from biomass [Internet]. ZA201003407B, 2011 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/ZA201003407B/en
53. Debryun R, Dodson J, Pfeiffer R, Szaloczi E, Ulrich G, Weber J. Generation of Hydrogen from Hydrocarbon Bearing Materials [Internet]. US20070248531A1, 2007. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070248531A1/en
54. Elbeshbishy E. Enhancement of Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production from Wastes Using Ultrasonication.
55. Lehoux R, Hafez H, Sehdev R, Salt D. Conversion of biomass, organic waste and carbon dioxide into synthetic hydrocarbons [Internet]. US9816035B2, 2017 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9816035B2/en
56. Medoff M. Method for quenching an irradiated biomass [Internet]. US9187769B1, 2015 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://www.patbase.com/legal/public/index.php?id=43952875&lang=cn&page=reassignments
57. Yan M, Yu Y, Li L, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu H. Method for improving hydrogen production performance of dark fermentation by utilizing nitrogen doped graphene [Internet]. CN115992186B, 2023. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN115992186B/zh
58. Crawford H. hlk-ip [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Hydrogen Patents - Innovations and Trends. Available from: https://www.hlk-ip.com/news-and-insights/hydrogen-patents-innovations-and-trends/
59. Li Y, Zhang Z, Jing Y, Zhang H, Yue J, Jiang D, et al. Système et procédé de fermentation biologique pour la coproduction d’hydrogène et d’alcanes avec émission négative de carbone [Internet]. WO2023087972A1, 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2023087972A1/fr
60. Escamilla A, Sánchez D, García-Rodríguez L. Assessment of power-to-power renewable energy storage based on the smart integration of hydrogen and micro gas turbine technologies. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2022 May;47(40):17505-25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.238
61. Haoxin D, Qiyuan D, Chaojie L, Nian L, Zhang W, Hu M, et al. A comprehensive review on renewable power-to-green hydrogen-to-power systems: Green hydrogen production, transportation, storage, re-electrification and safety. Appl Energy. 2025 Jul;390:125821.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125821
62. Sustainability Directory. energy.sustainability-directory [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. What Is the “Round-Trip Efficiency” of a Hydrogen Energy Storage System? Available from: https://energy.sustainability-directory.com/learn/what-is-the-round-trip-efficiency-of-a-hydrogen-energy-storage-system/
63. Saady NMC. Homoacetogenesis during hydrogen production by mixed cultures dark fermentation: Unresolved challenge. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2013 Oct;38(30):13172-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.122
64. De Gioannis G, Friargiu M, Massi E, Muntoni A, Polettini A, Pomi R, et al. Biohydrogen production from dark fermentation of cheese whey: Influence of pH. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2014 Dec;39(36):20930-41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.046
65. Xing D, Yu N, Li W, Zhen L, Yang Y. System for hydrogen production under limited aerobic conditions [Internet]. US10378028B2, 2019. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10378028B2/en
66. Abomohra AEF, Elsayed M, Esakkimuthu S, El-Sheekh M, Hanelt D. Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2020 Nov;81:100868.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100868
67. Trably E, Paillet F, Escudie R, Bernet N, Couhert C. Procédé de contrôle d’un réacteur de fermentation sombre [Internet]. WO2019058073A1, 2017. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019058073A1/fr
68. Hafez H. Method and system for production of hydrogen, methane, volatile fatty acids, and alcohols from organic material [Internet]. CA2919263C, 2021 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CA2919263C/de
69. Pachapur V, Sarma S, Maiti S. Process for hydrogen production from glycerol [Internet]. US10801043B2, 2019 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US10801043B2/en
70. Tang J, Fu P, Zhao Q, Zhao R, Yu P, Ren Q, et al. Dark fermentation-light fermentation coupled biological hydrogen preparing process [Internet]. CN106520842A, 2017. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106520842A/zh
71. City Z, Lihua Z, Chuanfang F. A kind of Nanoscale Iron carries charcoal and its preparation and the application in dark fermentation and hydrogen production process [Internet]. CN107858379A, 2018. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN107858379A/en?oq=CN107858379A
72. Fonseca P. knowablemagazine.org [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 2]. The rise of green hydrogen in Latin America. Available from: https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/technology/2023/green-hydrogen-latin-america
https://doi.org/10.1146/knowable-020723-2
73. Silva-Illanes F, Tapia-Venegas E, Schiappacasse MC, Trably E, Ruiz-Filippi G. Impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and pH on dark fermentative hydrogen production from glycerol. Energy. 2017 Dec;141:358-67
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.073
74. Saidi R, Liebgott PP, Gannoun H, Ben Gaida L, Miladi B, Hamdi M, et al. Biohydrogen production from hyperthermophilic anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable wastes in seawater: Simplification of the culture medium of Thermotoga maritima. Waste Manag. 2018 Jan;71:474-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.042
75. Wadjeam P, Reungsang A, Imai T, Plangklang P. Co-digestion of cassava starch wastewater with buffalo dung for bio-hydrogen production. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019 Jun;44(29):14694-706
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.138
76. Santiago SG, Morgan-Sagastume JM, Monroy O, Moreno-Andrade I. Biohydrogen production from organic solid waste in a sequencing batch reactor: An optimization of the hydraulic and solids retention time. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2020 Sep;45(47):25681-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.224
77. Andreani CL, Tonello TU, Mari AG, Leite LCC, Campaña HD, Lopes DD, et al. Impact of operational conditions on development of the hydrogen-producing microbial consortium in an AnSBBR from cassava wastewater rich in lactic acid. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019 Jan;44(3):1474-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.155
78. Farghaly A, Tawfik A, Danial A. Inoculation of paperboard mill sludge versus mixed culture bacteria for hydrogen production from paperboard mill wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016 Feb;23(4):3834-46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5652-7
79. Mahmod SS, Azahar AM, Tan JP, Jahim JM, Abdul PM, Mastar MS, et al. Operation performance of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor for biohydrogen production by self-granulated sludge using pre-treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) as carbon source. Renew Energy. 2019 Apr;134:1262-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.062
80. Lay CH, Vo TP, Lin PY, Abdul PM, Liu CM, Lin CY. Anaerobic hydrogen and methane production from low-strength beverage wastewater. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019 May;44(28):14351-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.165
81. Kazimierowicz J, Dębowski M, Zieliński M. Biohythane Production in Hydrogen-Oriented Dark Fermentation of Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) Pretreated with Solidified Carbon Dioxide (SCO2). Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 23;24(5):4442.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054442
82. Anjum S, Aslam S, Hussain N, Bilal M, Boczkaj G, Smułek W, et al. Bioreactors and biophoton-driven biohydrogen production strategies. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2023 Jun;48(55):21176-88.
Downloads
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
Los autores ceden los derechos patrimoniales a la revista y a la Universidad del Valle sobre los manuscritos aceptados, pero podrán hacer los reusos que consideren pertinentes por motivos profesionales, educativos, académicos o científicos, de acuerdo con los términos de la licencia que otorga la revista a todos sus artículos.
Los artículos serán publicados bajo la licencia Creative Commons 4.0 BY-NC-SA (de atribución, no comercial, sin obras derivadas).